Website Accessibility and The Private Sector: Disability Stakeholders Cannot Tolerate 2% Access!

Introduction and Problem

Among website designers, the issue of website accessibility has become a very controversial topic. Because of poor design, it is estimated that up to 40% of the potential market is not able to fully access most websites, taking into consideration various disabilities and wireless devices that have limited web browsing capabilities. While the needs of wireless devices are being addressed quite rapidly, in sharp contrast, designers are accused of continuing to ignore the needs of various disabilities.

It is estimated that there are up to 54 million people in the United States (with a disposable income of approximately $1 trillion), and another 750 million persons world-wide, (NCD #01-326, May 18, 2001, http://www.ncd.gov) with various disabilities whose full access to the web is limited because of poor, non-compliant web design; for example, a person who is blind needs an alternative to visual access in order to be able to fully access a website. As our population ages, the number of persons encountering such challenges is getting larger.

In addition, various Federal laws and Regulations (e.g., Section 508) have placed considerable pressure on web designers of all government entities and firms seeking to do business with the Federal government to make their websites fully accessible. To minimize the possibility of being sued, all web designers for firms, large and small, private or public, for-profit or not-for-profit must deal with this issue of web accessibility.

This paper seeks to answer the question: after the initiation of Federal Regulation Section 508 on June 21, 2001, does the problem of poor website design still exist in the private sector, resulting in inaccessibility to persons with various disabilities? If so, to what extent? Can disabled stakeholders tolerate continued disenfranchisement?

THE PRESENT STUDY

Questions to Be Answered

This study attempts to answer the following key questions:

1. What proportion of firms, excluding government entities, has accessible web sites?
2. Of those firms that have inaccessible websites, what reasons are given for their inaccessibility?
3. What would it take to encourage firms that have inaccessible websites to make their websites accessible?

Research Design

This research was executed as an empirical field study. It was intended to be primarily a descriptive, as opposed to an inferential, type study. An e-mailed multiple-item questionnaire was used to collect the data. The sampled firms were divided into large compared to small which were further sub-divided into Business-to-Business (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer (B2C) types; profit-seeking firms were compared to not-for-profit types. Each organization that returned the questionnaire was given a free CD that covered the issue of website accessibility and the related law, and a detailed "Website Compliance Analysis."

Sample

The questionnaire was sent by e-mail to the web master or web designer designated for the websites of a sample of 1080 organizations taken from each of the categories mentioned. A major "opt-in" e-mailing list broker provided the e-mailing list.

RESULTS

Of the 1080 organizations contacted, a total of 453 participated by returning the completed e-mailed questionnaire for an overall response rate of 41.94% (see Exhibits 1a & b).

What proportion of firms has fully accessible websites?

All of the websites of the firms selected in the initial sample of 1080 were tested using "Bobby," a tool that assists website authors in identifying the changes needed to make their pages usable by persons with disabilities. Of the 1080 firms, only 19 or 1.76% had accessible websites, meaning 1061 or 98.24% failed the Bobby test. Among the profit-seeking compared to the not-for-profit firms, 2 (out of 63) and 5 (out of 89) were accessible according to Bobby (see Exhibit 2a & b).

What reasons are given for inaccessibility?

What Incentives Would Work Best for Achieving Compliance to Accessibility Standards?

Possible choices and their respective rates of response:

CONCLUSIONS

98.24% of the websites examined in this study representing all types of firms, large and small, B2B and B2C, and profit-seeking and not-for-profit, failed the Bobby test for website accessibility and thus are not in compliance with Federal Regulation Section 508 nor the W3C Consortium standards. It was revealed that web designers were not knowledgeable of the exact techniques for making their site fully compliant (17.40%), and web designers felt that persons with disabilities were not a part of their target audience (42.07%). It is true that all persons with disabilities are certainly not a part of every firm's market, but every firm's target audience probably includes some persons with some type of disability. Also, websites will be made compliant only when it can be shown that compliance will result in noticeably larger website traffic (54.41%), and websites would be made compliant if a government matching fund to help offset the costs were available (21.15%). The first of these responses is a "catch 22" situation and the second is very unlikely. Can disabled stakeholders tolerate only 2% of the websites on the Internet being accessible to them? The answer is a resounding: NO!

EXHIBIT 1a

Summary of Response Rates

EXHIBIT 1b

Summary of Response Rates

EXHIBIT 2a

Summary of Results Related to Question One

EXHIBIT 2b

EXHIBIT 2c

Summary of Results Related to Question One